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The Coherent Motion of Starling Mumurations
Kathryn Cooper
Series description

In the UK, starlings murmurate over their chosen roost site at dusk until, when the light has dropped, the flock descends en masse into the reeds or trees. Their mesmerising aerial displays appear almost choreographed with patterns emerging and dissolving in the sky. Nature has evolved a system that is robust to predation, with many eyes looking out for attack and risk shared among the group. The group achieves this without any leadership structure – the simple interactions between individuals create outcomes greater than the sum of their parts. I make my images by taking multiple successive exposures, which are overlaid onto the same print to reveal motion and behaviour that would be otherwise hidden. I’m interested in freezing packets of movement to enable the appreciation of both the intricate detail and scale of the coherent movement that might otherwise go unnoticed.

Biography

Kathryn Cooper is a British photographer interested in patterns arising from chaos and complexity in nature.

She has a degree in Physics and doctorate in network science, researching complex large-scale systems (those with many interacting parts) which has informed her gravitation to using flocking birds in her practice. She spent her early career developing techniques for medical imaging, which she now applies to her nature photography.

She lives in Sheffield, UK and her images are taken across Yorkshire and Derbyshire.

Arabesque
Birds burst skyward as the final arrivals displace those already settled in the densely packed reeds. Stoney Middleton, Derbyshire, UK.
Trails
As dusk approaches, starlings arrive from their feeding grounds, filling the sky with a barrage of noise. During the day the birds spread out into the fields to feed, but small flocks funnel together into progressively larger ones along flight lines towards the roost. Stoney Middleton, Derbyshire, UK.
Sunset Swirls
The starlings whirl in small groups in the fading sunlight of this calm evening – unusual due to the absence of predators. Stoney Middleton, Derbyshire, UK.
Big Sky
Despite their numbers, the starlings are not easy prey. Predators such as sparrowhawks and peregrine falcons hunt by locking onto a single target. They will seek to pick off birds at the margins, but the constant movement, changes of density, twists and turns of the flock confuse the predators. Because each bird mimics the flight of its neighbours, the flock rarely becomes separated. Doncaster, Yorkshire, UK.
Veil
The Danish term for murmuration is sort sol, which translates as ‘black sun’, evoking the strangeness of the veiled landscape. Stretching to the horizon, these displays are visible for miles, likely acting as a beacon to signal the roost location. Ripon, Yorkshire, UK.
Aerial Battle
The starlings confuse aerial predators by forming dense twisting shapes. Each bird responds to the birds around it: when one bird turns to avoid an attack from a falcon, the birds around it also turn, sending a wave of information through the flock. When these simple local rules are scaled up they result in the complex and seemingly coordinated movements of a murmuration. Doncaster, Yorkshire, UK.